![]() Moreover, OR and CAD are basic integrative techniques to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Planning and design decisions by each base-discipline need to take into account the combined effect of such decisions belonging to each discipline in ‘quantitative terms’ adopting a common ‘value scale’ (say costs) for measuring the overall planning and design objective achievement in an integrated manner in a given context, and thus, avoid frequent conflicting planning and design decisions creating inefficiencies and other problems. In this chapter, layout planning and design (a multidisciplinary process involving several base-disciplines), covering large- and small-scale urban models, the design viewpoint of such models, and planning module concept, are outlined.
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